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Priam 1 and his son Troilus. 5724: Priam et Troïlos. Apulie "Peintre de Schultess", vers 340 avant J.-C. Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève.
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One Dares is mentioned by Homer, who describes
him
(Iliad
5.9) as a Trojan priest of
Hephaestus, and a rich and blameless man. This Dares (here registered as Dares 1, since there is another Dares, companion of Aeneas in Italy) had two sons: one Idaeus 2, whom Hephaestus saved in
battle from Diomedes 2, and one Phegeus 2, who, though skilled in fighting, was slain in battle by the same Diomedes 2.
Dares the Phrygian's History of the Fall of
Troy (De Exidio Troiae Historia), known
to us through medieval Latin versions, is prefaced
by what is believed to be a forged letter written
by an historian (Cornelius Nepos, c. 99-c. 24 BC)
to another historian (Gaius Sallustius Crispus
86-35 BC) in which he explains how he discovered
Dares' work at Athens.
The preface credits Dares and states, among other
things, that it is improper to believe in Homer,
since this poet described the gods as fighting
against men, a circumstance regarded by some as
impossible. It also states that the work (which
purports to be Dares' personal testimony of the
war) is a translation from Greek into Latin prose;
this last assertion has been accepted by some
scholars, who believe that a Greek original was
composed around the first century AD (though by no
means before Homer, as written in the preface). Yet
the composition of the Latin translator has been
dated to the early sixth century AD.
A number of scholars and writers have called
this work "ridiculous", and of "little merit"; they
have also defined it as "a poor fraud", and graded
its Latin thus: "of extreme simplicity, verging on
stupidity". Yet, along with a similar work (that of
Dictys), Dares' account exerted a major influence
during the Middle Ages, serving as source for
Benoit de Sainte-Maure's Le Roman de Troie
(c. 1160), which in turn inspired the Sicilian
Guido delle Colonne
(Historia
destructionis Troiae, 1287), in times when
Homer still was out of print in the West. From
these accounts Boccaccio is said to have derived
his
Il
Filostrato, regarded as the main source of
Chaucer's
Troilus
and Criseyde, which in turn inspired Robert
Henryson's
Testament
of Cresseid and Shakespeare's
Troilus
and Cressida. These are some of the
children and grandchildren of Dares, "fraud" being
unforeseeable; but many others must be assumed. The story (retold) is as follows:
The ARGONAUTS in
the Troad
According to Dares the chain of events that led
to the Trojan War
started when Jason and the
ARGONAUTS, on their way to Colchis, landed in the Troad looking for rest, and were thence expelled by the menacing forces of King Laomedon 1 of Troy, who deemed them to
pose a threat to the country.
Heracles 1's
punitive expedition
Laomedon 1's outrage was neither forgotten nor forgiven, and after the return of the ARGONAUTS to Hellas,
Heracles 1 resolved to
punish the king for his violent threats; and with
this purpose in mind he organized an expedition
against Troy, requesting
help from the DIOSCURI (Castor 1 and Polydeuces), Telamon (father of Ajax 1),
Peleus, and
Nestor (all former
ARGONAUTS). Having
then coordinated their forces, they sailed against
the city with 12 ships arriving to cape Sigaeum in
the Troad by night.
Troy seized by
Heracles 1
There Heracles 1
left Nestor and the
DIOSCURI to guard the
ships while he himself marched against
Troy. Not knowing this, but being warned of the landing, King Laomedon 1 came with an army and attacked those who were in the beach; but in the meantime the city was sacked by the forces led by Heracles 1. When Laomedon 1 learned that he had been the victim of a stratagem, he returned to Troy, but as the enemy met
him on the road he and his sons were defeated and
killed by Heracles 1.
Hesione 2 abducted
This is how Heracles 1 seized Troy, and killed the king. Having pillaged the city , plundered and murdered its citizens, and taken many riches, they went back to the ships carrying with them Laomedon 1's daughter Hesione 2, whom Telamon
received as a prize for having been the first to
come into the city.
Priam 1 rebuilds the
city
When Priam 1, who was
campaigning elsewhere in
Phrygia, learned what
had taken place, he returned to
Troy with his wife
Hecabe 1 and his
children by her: Hector 1, Paris, Deiphobus 1, Helenus 1,
Troilus,
Andromache,
Cassandra, and
Polyxena 1. Having
inherited his father's throne under such
unfortunate circumstances,
Priam 1, determined not
to let himself be lured by enemies as his father
had been, walled the city and built a palace, where
he consecrated an altar to
Zeus the Stayer, so that
the Trojans in the future would keep from
retreating. And then he built the gates of
Troy, called the
Antenorian, the Dardanian, the Ilian, the Scaean,
the Thymbraean, and the Trojan gates.
The embassy of Antenor 1
Having thus restored the city to its former
glory and having regained stability and force in
his realm, King Priam 1,
who had not forgotten the outraged suffered, sent
Antenor 1 to Hellas to
demand the restoration of
Hesione 2, whom Telamon
had taken with him as a prize.
Antenor 1 then,
following Priam 1's
instructions, met Peleus
in Magnesia (Thessaly), Telamon in Salamis (the
island off the coast of Attica in the Saronic
Gulf), the DIOSCURI in
Achaea, and
Nestor in
Pylos. Yet none of them
showed a conciliatory disposition; and having thus
failed in his purpose, which was to have the girl
restored through negotiation,
Antenor 1 returned to
Troy, feeling more offended
than before.
Trojan council and prophecies
When Priam 1 learned
through Antenor 1's
account that the Achaeans would not restore
Hesione 2, he summoned
his children (both by Hecabe 1 and by other women), along with a number of
allies, among which were the same
Antenor 1,
Anchises 1,
Aeneas, Ucalegon (one of
the Elders of Troy), Bucolion 2 (bastard son of Laomedon 1), Panthous (one of the Elders of Troy), and Lampus 2 (another Elder of Troy). It
was during this council that
Paris narrated what had
happened to him while he slept, saying that in his
dreams he had been appointed by
Hermes to judge the
beauty of the three goddesses
(Hera,
Athena and
Aphrodite), being
promised by Aphrodite, if he chose her, the hand of a most beautiful woman of Hellas. He therefore, considering his dream a favorable omen, proposed to send a fleet to achieve this purpose, being supported by Deiphobus 1 and Troilus, and
warned by the seers Helenus 1, Panthous and
Cassandra, who
predicted destruction for
Troy if such a plan were
carried out.
Paris sails to Hellas
Despite the warnings of the Trojan seers, a
fleet was sent, armed with the troops that
Paris and Deiphobus 1 had gathered in Paeonia, and Priam 1 appointed
Paris as commander, letting him be accompanied by Polydamas, Deiphobus 1 and Aeneas. When the
fleet approached Sparta
it passed that of
Menelaus, who then
sailed to Pylos in order
to meet Nestor, but no
one of them knew who the other was. Having arrived
to the island of Cythera, which is off the southern
coast of the Peloponnesus,
Paris made an offering to
Artemis, and when asked
by the people who they were and whence they came,
he answered that he was an ambassador of King
Priam 1 and that he
intended to meet the
DIOSCURI. By what is called "a coincidence," also Helen had come to Cythera
to offer a sacrifice to the children of
Leto; so when
Paris learned that
Helen was near, he went to
meet her. And when they met they fell in love with
each other, and Paris
abducted her who offered no resistance. Yet the
citizens would not allow the foreigners to carry
off the woman; and that is why a fight broke up
during which the Trojans imprisoned those who
opposed them, and after pillaging the shrine,
sailed away taking Helen
with them.
Paris marries
Helen
As the fleet arrived to Tenedos, the island off
the coast of the Troad,
Paris comforted
Helen, and sent emissaries
to Troy with the task of
informing the king of what had been accomplished.
And while Paris soon after
returned to Troy,
Menelaus, having
learned at Pylos what had
taken place at Cythera, returned to
Sparta accompanied by
Nestor, and sent message
to his brother
Agamemnon, asking for
a meeting. Although Priam 1 hoped for a exchange of
Helen and
Hesione 2, he
nevertheless married Helen
to Paris; and when this
was known, Cassandra
prophesied again that these deeds would bring about
the ruin of Troy, being believed by no one.
The Achaean coalition
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Agamemnon
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Mycenae
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100
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Menelaus
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Sparta
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60
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Archesilaus & Prothoenor 1
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Boeotia
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50
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Ascalaphus 1 & Ialmenus 1
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Orchomenus
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30
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Epistrophus 1 & Schedius 1
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Phocis
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40
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Ajax 1 and Teucer 1,
and also Amphimachus 1, Diores 1, Thalpius 1, and Polyxenus 2 from Buprasium (Elis).
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Salamis
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40
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Nestor
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Pylos
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80
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Thoas 2
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Aetolia
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40
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Nireus 2
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Syme
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53
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Ajax 2
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Locris
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37
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Antiphus 5 & Phidippus
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Calydna
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30
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Idomeneus 1 & Meriones
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Crete
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80
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Odysseus
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Ithaca
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12
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Eumelus 1
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Pherae
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10
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Protesilaus & Podarces 2
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Phylace
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40
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Podalirius & Machaon
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Tricca
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32
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Achilles & Patroclus 1
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Phthia
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50
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Tlepolemus 1
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Rhodes
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9
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Eurypylus 1
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Orchomenus
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40
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Antiphus 5 & Amphimachus 1
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Elis
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11
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Polypoetes 1 & Leonteus 1
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Larissa
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40
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Diomedes 2, Euryalus 1 & Sthenelus 2
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Argos
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80
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Philoctetes
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Meliboea
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7
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Guneus 2
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Cyphus
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21
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Prothous 4
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Magnesia
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40
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Agapenor
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Arcadia
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40
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Menestheus 1
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Athens
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50
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Palamedes (joined later)
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— |
30
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In the meantime,
Agamemnon convoked the
leaders of many states in Hellas, and a powerful
fleet assembled at
Athens. The Achaeans then
sent Achilles to
Delphi to inquire about
the outcome of the enterprise, and the oracle
declared that the they would obtain victory and
take Troy after ten years.
The ACHAEAN
LEADERS, the kingdoms ruled by them,
and the amount of ships each one added to
the coalition that sailed against
Troy (see other lists at ACHAEAN
LEADERS).
Calchas
Now, while Achilles
was at Delphi consulting
the oracle, Calchas
arrived, having been sent there by the Trojans (for
according to Dares, that was the origin of
Calchas) to make
offerings to Apollo and
receive instructions; but when
Calchas consulted the
oracle, the god answered that he should join the
Achaean fleet and sail with the Achaeans against
Troy, helping them in
everything.
Fleet assembled at
Athens, leaves from Aulis
The fleet left first from
Athens, but very close to
the city they were prevented to sail farther by a
storm. It was then that the Achaeans resolved,
following the instructions of the seer
Calchas, to gather again
in Aulis (which is in Boeotia), where
Agamemnon was to
placate Artemis in order
to get favorable winds. And when this was
accomplished, they sailed to
Troy from Aulis being
guided by the experienced pilot
Philoctetes (whom
Dares alone has counted among the
ARGONAUTS).
Destruction of Tenedos and invasion of Mysia
After occupying Tenedos, which the Achaeans left
desolate through fire, pillage and murder,
Agamemnon, now based
in this island, sent
Odysseus and
Diomedes 2 to
Troy as ambassadors in
order to demand the restoration of
Helen. And while the
envoys were on their way to the city,
Achilles and
Telephus campaigned in Mysia (the country in Asia Minor near the river Caicus and the city of Pergamum), defeating the army of King Teuthras 1, who was wounded by Achilles but saved by
Telephus, who was obliged towards this king; for Teuthras 1 had protected Telephus when he was a child, giving him a home. But Teuthras 1 died of his wound, and on dying he left the kingdom to Telephus, who, from
then on, sent provisions to the Achaeans from
Mysia.
Failure of the Achaean embassy
Achilles returned to
Tenedos, and so did the envoys that
Agamemnon had sent to
Troy; but whereas
Achilles returned
carrying the spoils of his recent campaign, the
ambassadors came back empty-handed. For instead of
having Helen restored they
had to listen to the list of reproaches that
Priam 1 laid in front of
them: the violations and outrages of the
ARGONAUTS, the death
of his father, the abduction of
Hesione 2, and finally
the contempt with which his own ambassador
Antenor 1 had been
received in Hellas. This is how no agreement was
reached, and many allies, coming from different
parts of Asia Minor, prepared themselves to resist
the invaders and join the defence of
Troy, led by the high
commanders whom Priam 1
appointed: Hector 1 first, and then Deiphobus 1, Paris,
Troilus,
Aeneas, and
Memnon.
Invasion of the Troad
After the arrival of
Palamedes to Tenedos
(for he, having been sick had not joined the fleet
at Athens), the army
landed in the Troad, where a great battle took
place, in which Protesilaus (who was the first to
land) was killed by Hector 1. The intervention of
Achilles gave victory
to the Achaeans that day, but on the next the
Trojans sallied out, and in the battle that ensued
Hector 1 killed
Patroclus 1 and Meriones, being himself wounded by Menestheus 1.
Ajax 1 and
Hector 1
Nevertheless Hector 1
kept attacking and slaying many, and Dares says
that he would have routed the Achaeans and put fire
to the ships, had not Ajax 1 confronted him. Now, says Dares that
Ajax 1 and
Hector 1 were cousins,
asserting that Ajax 1 was the son of Telamon, not by Periboea 2 (as others say), but by Hesione 2,
the sister of Priam 1. It
was now, he says, that Ajax 1 and Hector 1 gave
each other gifts; and although Dares gives no
details, it is known through other accounts, that
Hector 1 gave him the
sword with which Ajax 1
later killed himself, and Ajax 1 gave Hector 1 the
belt by which he was later dragged by
Achilles. But these
gifts were probably not those meant by Dares; for
according to him neither Ajax 1 committed suicide, nor
Achilles dragged
Hector 1.
Palamedes' ambition
After these encounters, a truce was agreed
during which Palamedes
came into conflict with
Agamemnon, by
declaring that he, whose merits were greater than
those of Agamemnon,
should command the troops. For it was by his own
initiative and genius that the army was properly
organized, enjoying a system of signals, the
fortification of the camp, and other clever devices
of his own invention.
Encounters
After the truce the Achaeans, commanded by
Agamemnon,
Achilles,
Diomedes 2 and
Menelaus, launched a
new attack, being confronted by
Hector 1,
Troilus and
Aeneas. In this battle the Boeotians Archesilaus and Prothoenor 1 were killed by Hector 1, and
on the next day
Menelaus was wounded by
Paris with an arrow.
Seeing that the dead threatened to be more than the
living and that it was not possible to bury the
large amount of casualties,
Agamemnon sent
Diomedes 2 and
Odysseus to
Troy to ask for a three
years long truce, which was granted by the Trojans.
At then end of the third year
Hector 1 and
Troilus came out with
the army, and attacked the Achaeans fighting for
thirty consecutive days. And then the Trojans
proposed a truce; and after this truce the fight
was resumed for twelve days causing the death of
many warriors on both sides, and after this truce
there was more fighting and a new truce.
Death of Hector 1
When the time to fight came again,
Andromache dreamt
that her husband Hector 1 should not return to the fight; she told him
her dream, but Hector 1,
believing that this was just a woman's fancy, paid
no attention. So she went to her father-in-law,
who, on hearing the dream, sent
Paris,
Helenus 1,
Troilus and
Aeneas as commanders,
forcing Hector 1 to
remain in the city. It was then that
Agamemnon,
Achilles,
Diomedes 2, and
Ajax 2, seeing that
Hector 1 was absent,
caused great carnage among the Trojans. But
Hector 1, measuring the
consequences of his absence, joined the fight
again, and after having killed many and even
wounded Achilles, was
slain by him.
Palamedes commander
in chief
After these events a two-months long truce was
agreed, during which
Palamedes challenged
once more Agamemnon's
authority, this time successfully: for the Achaean
assembly, with the sole exception of
Achilles, deposed
Agamemnon and
appointed Palamedes commander in chief. It was after the end of this truce that Sarpedon 1 killed Tlepolemus 1, being himself wounded and thereby forced to leave the battlefield. As the Trojan losses were huge, Priam 1 asked for a new
truce, during which the dead were buried, the
wounded healed, and scenes of fraternization were
seen, the enemies visiting each other.
Achilles in love
One year after Hector 1's death, Achilles
caught sight of Polyxena 1, who along with her parents had come to make
offerings at her brother's grave. And love pierced
him in such a way, Dares says, that he came to hate
life itself; and putting together his love for the
girl and his dislike of
Palamedes, he sent
message to the Trojan king, asking for the hand of
the princess, and promising that he and his
Myrmidons would leave the coalition and return
home, as soon as he had married
Polyxena 1. However,
Priam 1 answered that he
would not give his daughter in marriage to
Achilles before the
Achaeans had left; and this is why
Achilles, whose mind
was fully occupied by the thought of a woman
(Polyxena 1) began to
plead for retreat, arguing that it was an absurdity
that so many evils should fall upon the whole of
Hellas for the sake of a single woman
(Helen).
Death of Palamedes
When the truce was ended,
Achilles refused to
fight, suggesting with his posture that the madness
inspired by a woman can only be cured by another
madness inspired by another woman . In the
meantime, Palamedes, still leading the army, killed Deiphobus 1 and Sarpedon 1; or so says Dares, but others have said that Sarpedon 1 was killed by Patroclus 1 in battle, and Deiphobus 1 by Menelaus, when
Troy was sacked. In any
case these were
Palamedes' last deeds,
according to Dares; for immediately after,
Paris shot him dead with
an arrow; or so says Dares, but others have said
that Palamedes was
stoned to death as a traitor by the Achaeans
themselves.
Agamemnon commander
in chief
Seeing that
Palamedes was dead,
the Trojans attacked the Achaean camp and would
have put fire to the ships, had not
Ajax 1 stopped them. When
night finally parted the contendors there was a new
assembly during which
Agamemnon was once
more elected commander in chief.
Achilles refuses to
fight
The day after, the fight was resumed. It is now
that Troilus appeared as
a new Hector 1, routing
the Achaeans and forcing them to seek refuge behind
the fortifications. A new truce was then agreed,
having being requested by
Agamemnon, who then
gave burial to
Palamedes and other
chiefs. During this truce,
Agamemnon sent
Odysseus,
Nestor and
Diomedes 2 as envoys
to persuade Achilles to
fight again. But he, being bound by his promises to
the parents of the girl he loved, refused to fight
and declared, confusing his wishes, not that he
desired the girl but that he wanted perpetual
peace.
Achilles fights
again
Despite Achilles'
defection the Achaeans continued the fight,
experiencing the might of
Troilus, who wounded
Menelaus,
Diomedes 2, and
Agamemnon himself.
During a truce
Agamemnon visited
Achilles in order to
persuade him to fight again; but once more
Achilles refused,
although this time he allowed his Myrmidons to go
to battle. These, however were routed by
Troilus, causing
Achilles to fight
again; yet he was wounded by
Troilus and had to
return to the camp. After having put his troops in
order again, Achilles
charged against Troilus
and succeeded in killing him; and as
Memnon appeared to
prevent him to spoil the body,
Achilles, though
wounded, killed him too.
Death of Achilles
The death of Troilus,
added to that of Hector 1, grieved Hecabe 1,
to whom Achilles had
promised, on account of
Polyxena 1, to abstain
from fighting. That is why she, in the course of a
new truce, plotted against
Achilles' life,
promising him a separate peace and the hand of
Polyxena 1, while at
the same time instructing
Paris to wait for
Achilles in an ambush.
So when Achilles
received Hecabe 1's
message, asking him to come to the temple of
Apollo Thymbraeus for the
sake of peace and the hand of
Polyxena 1, he
answered gladly that he would come to the meeting.
This he did in the company of Antilochus, son of
Nestor; but when they
entered the temple, Paris
and his men slew them both. Such was the end of
Achilles and
Antilochus, and Paris
would have cast their bodies to the wild beasts and
the birds, had not his brother
Helenus 1 prevented
him.
Ajax 1 and
Paris kill each other
On the death of
Achilles the Achaean
council decided to give his arms and property to
Ajax 1, but the latter
refused saying that
Achilles' son
Neoptolemus should
be called to the army and afforded his father's
property. This was in fact agreed, and
Menelaus sailed in
order to fetch
Neoptolemus in Scyros (the Aegean Sea northeast of Euboea), where his maternal grandfather King Lycomedes 1 was king. In the meantime, the same Ajax 1 and Paris killed
each other, the former dying in the Achaean camp of
the wound he received.
Paris was buried in
Troy with pomp and honor
and with many tears shed by
Helen, whom, Dares says,
Priam 1 and
Hecabe 1 loved as if she
were their own daughter.
The AMAZONS defeated
It was at this moment that the Achaeans
surrounded the city for the first time; for
Priam 1 did not wish to
fight outside the walls before the arrival of his
ally Penthesilia and her
AMAZONS. But when she
arrived the siege was broken, and the Achaeans were
forced to retreat behind their own fortifications,
where they remained for a while; for in the same
way as Priam 1 had waited
for Penthesilia, now
Agamemnon awaited the
return of Menelaus, who
had been sent to fetch
Neoptolemus. But
when these returned, the Achaeans came out and
Neoptolemus slew
Penthesilia; and when the
AMAZONS were defeated,
the Achaeans surrounded the city and the Trojans
could not longer come out.
Antenor 1 pleads for
peace
Since it was perceived that this was a
definitive siege, the Trojans assembled to discuss
their plight, and in the council
Antenor 1 reasoned that
the best captains among the Trojans, as well as
among their allies, had been killed; that many
among the sons of Priam 1
had as well left this world; that at the same time
many brave among the Achaeans, such as
Agamemnon,
Menelaus,
Neoptolemus,
Diomedes 2,
Ajax 2,
Nestor, and
Odysseus, still
remained alive. Taking those reasons into account,
and concluding that Troy
was weakened, Antenor 1
said that the time had come to restore
Helen along with the
property that Paris had
taken, and to make peace.
Priam 1 rebukes
Antenor 1
Amphimachus, one son of
Priam 1, opposed
Antenor 1, but when in
his purposes Antenor 1
was supported by Aeneas,
they were both criticized by
Priam 1 who recalled
their own responsibility in starting the war, since
Antenor 1, said
Priam 1, had made a great
deal of the outrage he had received as an
ambassador, and Aeneas
had sailed with Paris when
Helen was abducted.
Therefore, Priam 1
argued, they had no authority to pledge for peace,
who before had been so eager to avenge the injuries
inflicted by the Achaeans, when they took the city
the first time and abducted
Hesione 2.
The traitors assemble
And since Priam 1 was
now resolved to either be victorious or perish, he
discussed with his son the possibility of slaying
both Antenor 1 and
Aeneas; for they feared
that treason could come from these novel
peacemakers. In the meantime
Antenor 1, Polydamas,
Ucalegon and others met and wondered at the king's
obstinacy, who preferred, as they saw it, to ruin
the whole country before making peace. It was then
that Antenor 1
conceived the idea of betraying
Troy, and in agreement with
Aeneas and the others,
they all decided to sent Polydamas as messenger to
Agamemnon.
Treason verified
When Polydamas came to the Achaean camp, he
related to Agamemnon
what he and his fellow plotters had decided. Some
among the Achaeans, such as
Odysseus and
Nestor, did not trust
Polydamas, but others, such as
Neoptolemus, did.
After a long discussion, they bade Polydamas to
give them a watchword and thereafter sent
Sinon to the city, where
he, after communicating with
Antenor 1 and
Anchises 1 by the
walls, confirmed Polydamas' account.
Troy taken
And as the Achaeans guaranteed the security of
the traitors and their families,
Antenor 1 and
Aeneas came to the walls
by night, and receiving
Neoptolemus, opened
the Scaean gate (where a horse was sculptured) and
lighted a beacon as a signal for the Achaeans to
enter the city. Antenor 1 then led
Neoptolemus to the
palace, where the defence had its stronghold, and
the latter, having assaulted the palace, came upon
Priam 1 and cut his
throat at the altar of
Zeus. In the meantime,
Aeneas met the fugitives
Hecabe 1 and
Polyxena 1 and gave
protection to the princess, taking her to his
father's house. And while
Andromache and
Cassandra found refuge
in Athena's temple, the
Achaeans gave themselves to devastation and murder
throughout the whole night.
Postwar arrangements
The next morning,
Agamemnon assembled
the Achaeans, who resolved to respect the traitors
and their property. In this assembly
Antenor 1, being
allowed to speak, asked for mercy on behalf of
Cassandra and
Helenus 1; for they, he
argued, had always favored the cause of peace, and
even the body of
Achilles himself had
been saved thanks to
Helenus 1, who had
opposed Paris when the
latter wished to cast the corpse to the beasts. And
when Helenus 1 was
pardonned, he in turn obtained clemency for his
mother Queen Hecabe 1
and for Andromache.
Death of Polyxena 1
During four days the Achaeans sacrificed to the
gods and on the fifth, when they were about to sail
for Hellas, a storm broke out, because, as
Calchas explained, the
gods below had not been honoured. This reminded
Neoptolemus of
Polyxena 1; for she
should have been at the palace. And so, when the
Achaeans demanded her,
Antenor 1 fetched her,
who was hidden at Anchises 1's house, and gave her to
Agamemnon, who gave
her to Neoptolemus,
who sacrificed her upon his father's grave.
Helen restored
As for Helen, the cause
of the war, she was restored to
Menelaus, her lawful
husband. And Helenus 1
migrated to the Chersonese together with
Cassandra,
Hecabe 1, and
Andromache.
Death toll and exiles
According to Dares the war lasted 10 years, six
months and twelve days, and in it 886.000 Achaeans
and 676.000 Trojans were killed. After the war
Aeneas departed, along
with 3.400 men, with the same 22 ships that
Paris had brought to
Hellas when he abducted
Helen, while
Antenor 1 was followed
in his exile by 2.500 men, and 1.200 followed
Helenus 1 and
Andromache in theirs.
Additional note
R. M. Frazer (see sources below) has counted the truces reported by Dares, adding their durations; they lasted, all told, more than seven and a half years, which means that Achaeans and Trojans fought only three out of the ten years of war.
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