Mythological Variants in Isidore of Seville's Etymologies |
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Isidoro de Sevilla (c. 560-636), painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1618-82). (Image in public domain)
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Selection of less common
variants of the Greek myths in Isidore of Seville's Etymologies |
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Books, chapters and lines in the
Etymologies:
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Namesakes are numbered for identifications
purposes as is praxis in the Greek Mythology Link. If a
name is not linked, see the
Dictionary for further
details.
Excerpts from Isidore's
Etymologies
are in red.
Sources
Abbreviations
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Achaeus: 9.2.72.
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"The Achaians, also known as
Achivians, were named after Achaeus, son of Jupiter."
The eponym of the Achaeans, Achaeus 1, is otherwise known as son of Xuthus 1 & Creusa 1 (Apd.1.7.3; Pau.7.1.6; Strab.8.7.1). Achaeus 2, son of Poseidon & Larisa 1 is also regarded as eponym of the Achaeans (DH.1.17.3).
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Agenor: 14.4.1.
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"Europa was the daughter of Agenor, king of Libya,
whom Jupiter carried to Crete after she had been abducted from Africa ...
This Agenor is the son of Libya, after whom Libya, that is
Africa, is said to have been named ..."
Usually, Europa is believed to have been abducted in Phoenicia where she was born (Apd.3.1.1). Apollodorus says that Agenor 1 was born in Egypt but departed to Phoenicia where he reigned (2.1.4). Apollodorus calls him son of Poseidon and Libya (3.1.1) whereas Nonnos calls him son of Belus 1 and Anchinoe (3.297). Hyginus calls Agenor 1 "a Sidonian", and says that Phoenix 1, brother of Europa, set out for Africa, looking for her (Fabulae 178). Ovid calls Europa "the Tyrian maid" (Fasti 5.605).
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Amphictyon: 13.22.4.
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"The third flood was in Thessaly in
the time of Moses and Amphictyon, who was the third to reign
after Cecrops."
The Athenian kings are reported to have reigned in this order: Actaeus 1, Cecrops 1, Cranaus, Amphictyon ... Actaeus 1 was the first king of Attica, Cecrops 1 received the kingdom from him, and when Cecrops 1 died, Cranaus came to the throne, being later expelled by Amphictyon (Pau.1.2.6), who is called son of Deucalion 1 or regarded as
AUTOCHTHONOUS (Apd.1.7.2, 3.14.6).
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Andromeda: 15.1.19.
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"The Palestinians built the seaside
city Joppe of Palestine. There a rock is displayed which
still retains traces of the fetters of Andromeda."
Andromeda is usually
known as an Ethiopian princess. Yet Western and Eastern
Ethiopians must be distinguished. The Ethiopian
Memnon, who fought in the
Trojan War, came from the East, and was son of Tithonus 1, the founder of Susa (Strab.15.3.2).
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Apis: 7.11.85, 9.2.72.
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"Serapis is the greatest of all the
Egyptian gods. He is that Apis, king of the Argives, who
traveled to Egypt by ship ... Among the Egyptians Apis was
the bull dedicated to Serapis."
"After Apis, the king of the Greeks, died, his son Argos
succeeded to the kingship ..."
The sacred ox worshipped by the Egyptians (Apis 1) appeared to Telethusa in her dreams (Ov.Met.9.691). The stern tyrant Apis 2, who called the Peloponnesus Apia after himself, was conspired against and slain in Hellas either by Thelxion and Telchis, or by Aetolus 2 (Apd.1.7.6, 2.1.1). According to Apollodorus he left no child and was at his death regarded as a god (Sarapis, = Serapis), being avenged by Argus 1, "the
all-seeing", who is not the son of Apis.
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Attis (Atthis): 14.4.10.
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"There was a certain Granus, a
native of Greece, after whose daughter's name, Attis, Attica
was named."
These names are usually rendered as "Atthis" and "Cranaus" (Pau.1.2.6; Apd.3.14.5-6). Otherwise, Attis is the young Lydian dear to Cybele who went mad and castrated himself, turning into a pine tree after death (Pau.7.17.9-11; Ov.Met.10.104; Ov.Fast.4.223; Nonn.25.311).
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Belus: 15.10.9.
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This is Belus 2, mentioned by Ov.Met.4.213;
Nonn.18.229; Vir.Aen.1.620, 1.346, and
Lib.Met.34.
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Cadmus: 1.3.6:
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"Cadmus, son of Agenor, first brought seventeen
Greek letters from Phoenicia into Greece: alpha, beta,
gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu,
omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, phi. Palamedes added three more to this at the time of the
Trojan
War: eta, chi, omega. After
him the lyricist Simonides added three others (psi, xi,
theta)."
The mythographer Hyginus says, by way of
introduction, that the MOERAE
invented seven Greek letters (of which only six are visible
in his text): alpha, beta, eta, tau, iota, and upsilon. Then
he refers to other sources which claim that Mercury
(Hermes) conceived the letters by
observing the flight of cranes which form letters when they
fly. Then says Hyginus that
Palamedes invented eleven
letters, Simonides four (omega, epsilon, zeta, and phi), and
Epicharmus of Sicily two (pi, and psi). He says further that
Cadmus took the letters which he
introduced in Hellas from Egypt, where
Hermes had brought them (Fabulae 277).
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Callisto: 3.71.35.
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"So it was with Callisto, daughter of King
Lycaon ..."
So Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catast. frag. 1, and Callimachus (Hymn
to Zeus 40). Apollodorus gives several accounts concerning her father: either Nycteus 1, or Lycaon 2, or Ceteus 1 (3.8.1-2).
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Cronos: 8.11.31.
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"... the Greeks say he has the name
Cronos, that is, "time", because he is said to have devoured
his sons: that is, he rolls back into himself the years that
time has brought forth ..."
The identification between
Chronos and
Cronos is also found in Cicero (De
Natura Deorum 2.74). Other late works kept the difference between the two, for example Nonnos (Dionysiaca 12.15), and the Argonautica Orphica 12, where
Chronos appears as father of the
HORAE, Aether, and
Eros.
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Daedalus: 19.19.9.
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"Perdix ...copied the spine of a
fish, sharping a strip of iron and arming it with the biting
power of teeth ..."
Thus he invented the saw. And
Daedalus "his mother's brother" and instructor
was driven "green with envy, and he
threw the boy headlong from the citadel", whereupon
Daedalus escaped to
Crete as an exile.
Perdix is mentioned by Apollodorus 3.15.8, Hyginus in his
Fabulae
39 and 244. Also Ovid narrates the story in
Metamorphoses
8.236ff. Hyginus calls Perdix the inventor of the saw, and
says hat Daedalus threw him down
from a roof. According to Ovid, Perdix was turned into a
partridge by Athena when
Daedalus threw him down from a
citadel. Apollodorus says that he whom
Daedalus threw down from the acropolis was Talos 2 "son of his sister Perdix" herself daughter of Eupalamus, son of Metion 1 or of Erechtheus. Pausanias 1.21.4 calls him Calos confirming that the boy was Daedalus' nephew.
Isidore says that Daedalus
escaped from Crete, "using wings", and "came to Cilicia". The destination of
Daedalus is usually said to be Sicily, in the court of King Cocalus (Apd.Ep.1.14-15;
Pau.7.4.5-6, 1.21.4; Hyg.Fab.40; Dio.4.79.2) where Minos 2, looking for him,
perished.
Isidore says that Daedalus was the first to make a table and a chair (20.1.1)
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Dares the Phrygian: 1.42.1.
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"Dares the Phrygian was first to
publish a history, on the Greeks and Trojans, which they say
he wrote on palm leaves. After Dares, Herodotus is held as
the first to write history in Greece."
See the introductory note at
Dares' Account of the Destruction of
Troy.
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Perseus/Persia: 15.1.8.
Medus/Media: 15.1.7, 9.2.46-47.
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"Perseus, son of Adea, founded the
city Persepolis, capital of the realm of Persia ..."
"King Perseus ... crossed into Asia from Greece and there
dominated the barbarian nations."
Apollodorus reports that the kings of Persia descend from Perses 2, son of Perseus 1
and Andromeda (2.4.4-5). Here are other eastern connections of these names:
The Titan Perses 1 (son of Crius 1 and Eurybia 1) fathered Hecate by Asteria 1 (Hes.The.409-411). He is called Persaeus in the Homeric
Hymn to Demeter 2.24. According to Diodorus, the
Colchian king Aeetes consorted
with Hecate, and had children by
her: Circe,
Medea and Apsyrtus (4.45.3). Diodorus asserts that Hecate was daughter of Perses 3, himself son of Helius and Perseis (one of the
OCEANIDS), and brother of
Aeetes.
Otherwise, a daughter of
Telemachus and Polycaste 2 is called Persepolis (Hes.CWE.12). Nestor had a son called Perseus 2 (Apd.1.9.9; Hom.Od.3.452), brother of Polycaste 2.
"Medus, son of Aegius, built Media,
and from it his country of Media took its name."
Aegius is Aegeus 1.
Apollodorus 1.9.28, Hyginus
(Fabulae
26) and others say approximately the same. The mother of
Medus is Medea. Hesiod,, however,
says that Medus was son of Jason
and Medea (Theogony 1001). "A king of renown" has also been mentioned as Medus' father (Dio.4.55.7; Strab.11.13.10), but as such may be regarded Aegeus 1. Medus died fighting against the Indians (Apd.1.9.28). Hesiod and Pausanias 2.3.9 call him Medeus. Pausanias adds that Hellanicus called him Polyxenus, and that Medea "coming to the land then called Aria ... caused its inhabitants to be named after her Medes." (2.3.8.)
Isidore calls Medus "son of
Medea", "stepson of Jason", and "king of
the Athenians" (9.2.46). After the death of Jason, "brother of King Peliacus",
Medus conquered the East, founded the city Media, and named
the Medes after himself. Peliacus is not
Pelias 1, since Isidore says that
"Pelias' children" drove Jason and
Medea from Thessaly.
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Dorus: 9.2.80.
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"Dorus was the son of Neptune and
Ellepsis, whence the Dorians take their origin and their
name."
Dorus 1 is the eponym of the Dorians, and his mother is called Orseis (Apd.1.7.23). Dorus 1's father is usually Hellen 1, the eponym of the Hellenes (e.g. op. cit.,
Dio.4.60.2; Hes.CWE.4, etc.).
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Eridanus: 13.21.26.
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"The Greeks also give it (the river Padus = Po) the
cognomen Eridanus, from Eridanus the son of the Sun, whom
people call Phaeton."
People indeed call him Phaeton
(Phaethon 3), son of
Helius (Sun) and Clymene 1, or of Clymenus 5 and Merope 4 (Hyg.Fab.154). Usually, Eridanus is the name of a river god (e.gr. Hes.The.338), and therefore more ancient than Phaethon 3. Eridanus is the name of the Po, or the Nile, or the Ocean, or of a fabulous river (Dio.5.23.3). In it fell Phaethon 3, having failed in his cosmic adventure (Ov.Met.2.304ff.; Nonn.38.410).
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Graecus/Greece: 14.4.7.
Hellas: 14.4.10.
Boeotia: 14.4.11.
Thessalus/Thessaly: 14.4.12.
Lapiths/Centaurs: 14.4.12.
Macedonia/Macedo: 14.4.13.
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"Greece is so called from King
Graecus, who settled this entire region as a kingdom."
Graecus appears in Hes.CWE.2, that is, Ioannes Lydus, a Byzantine antiquarian (ca. 490-570 AD), who attributes it to Hesiod. Both Graecus and Latinus 3 (after whom the Latins are called) are sons of Zeus and Pandora 2, daughter of Deucalion 1.
A little later (14.4.10), Isidore says that Hellas "is the same territory as
Attica".
An unorthodox view; see
Hellenes.
"Cadmus ... followed the tracks of a cow ... and
took a liking to the place where it had lain down, and so he
named the place Boeotia, after the word 'cow'
(bos)."
Other authors affirm that the Boeotians were called after Boeotus, son of Itonus 1 & Arne (Pau.9.1.1.), or of Poseidon & Arne (Hyg.Fab.186), or of Poseidon & Antiope 5 (Hyg.Fab.157). Boeotus had a son Itonus 2 (Dio.4.67.7).
"Thessaly takes its name from King
Thessalus."
This Thessalus should be Thessalus 3, son of Haemon 7, after whom Thessaly was previously called Haemonia (Strab.9.5.23.). Thessalus 2, son of Jason &
Medea, was said to have escaped
being murdered by his mother. Having been reared as a youth
in Corinth, he later moved to Iolcus, where he seized the throne (Dio.4.53.1, 4.55.2). Thessalus 1 was son of Heracles 1 (Hom.Il.670ff.; Strab.9.5.23;
Hyg.Fab.97).
"The Lapiths ... were also called
Centaurs."
This is yet an unorthodox view; see
CENTAURS and
LAPITHS.
"Macedonia was called ...
afterwards Macedo, who was the maternal grandson of
Deucalion."
Macedon is named in Hes.CWE.3, the source of which appears to be Costantinus Porphyrogenitus (Constantine VII, 905-959 AD), who attributes the story to Hesiod. Macedon's mother was Thyia 2, daughter of Deucalion 1.
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Helle: 13.16.8.
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"Phrixus ... fleeing with his
sister Helle ... embarked on a ship bearing the sign of the
ram ... But his sister, a victim of shipwreck, died in the
sea ..."
The usual account is that they were borne through the sky by the Ram with the Golden Fleece. Phrixus 1 came to Colchis but Helle fell into the sea which was named Hellespont after her (Apd.1.9.1; Hyg.Fab.3;
Ov.Fast.3.857ff.; Stat.Achil.1.24, etc.). Without ram, no Golden Fleece, and without it no ARGONAUTS. Phrixus 1 gave the fleece to Aeetes (e.g. Apd.1.9.1). Hyginus says that the ram is the offspring of Poseidon & Theophane, daughter of Bisaltes (Fabulae 3, 188).
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Ilus: 15.1.38.
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"Ilus, son of Apollo, founded Ilium in Phrygia."
The founder of Ilium, Ilus 2, is otherwise regarded as son of Tros 1 (Apd.3.12.2).
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Isis/Io: 1.3.5, 13.16.7, 9.2.77.
Epaphus/Libya: 14.5.1.
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"Queen Isis, daughter of Inachus,
devised the Egyptian letters when she came from Greece into
Egypt."
Isis is usually identified with
Io, daughter of Inachus. She was loved
by Zeus and turned into a cow before she arrived to Egypt where her son, Epaphus 1, became king. But Isidore knows another Io: "Thus Io
was the king of Greece, whence the Athenians are also known
as Ionians."
Perhaps Ion 1 is meant, since
Isidore also writes (9.2.77):
"Ion was a powerful man, and he called
those same Athenians 'Ionians,' from his own name."
On Libya and Epaphus writes Isidore:
"Libya (i.e. Africa) is so called because the Libs, the African
wind, blows from there. Others say that Epaphus had a
daughter named Libya with his wife Cassiopeia, and Libya
afterwards established a kingdom in Africa."
According to Apollodorus, Libya (Africa) was called after the daughter of Epaphus 1 & Memphis 2 (2.1.4), but Higynus says that Libya was daughter of Epaphus 1 & Cassiopea 4 (Fabulae 149).
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Lacedaemon: 15.1.47.
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"Lacedaemonia was founded by
Lacedaemon, son of Semela."
Usually, Lacedaemon is called son of
Zeus & Taygete (Nonn.32.65; Ov.Fast.4.174; Hyg.Ast.2.21), and Semele is known as mother of
Dionysus 2. Taygete is one of
the PLEIADES.
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Liparus: 14.6.36-37.
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"The Aeolian islands of Sicily are
named after Aeolus, son of Hippotes ... Nine of these
islands have proper names. A certain Liparus called the
first of these Lipare. He ruled Lipare before Aeolus."
Diodorus says that Liparus, son of Auson (a king in
Italy), was chased from Italy and came to the Aeolian
islands. Later, being helped by
Aeolus 2, he returned to Italy where he died in great esteem (5.7.5).
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Lydus/Tyrrhenus: 14.3.43.
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"Lydia is an old seat of kingdoms
...Because of its smallness it could not support the two
brothers, Lydus and Tyrrhenus, as kings. They therefore drew
lots and it fell to Tyrrhenus to leave, with a large number
of people, and occupy an area in Gaul that he named
Tyrrhenia. Lydia, however is named after Lydus ..."
So also Herodotus (1.7, 1.94ff., 7.74). Pausanias calls him Tyrsenus (2.21.3). These brothers were sons of Heracles 1 & Omphale (Pausanias), or of Atys 3 and Callithea, or of Telephus (DH.1.27.2, 1.28.1; Hdt.1.94; Strab.5.2.2-4; Hyg.Fab.162).
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Manto/Mantua: 15.1.59.
Marsyas/Marsians: 9.2.88.
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"They say that Manto, the daughter
of Tiresias, brought to Italy after the destruction of
the Thebans, founded Mantua."
"The Marsian nation of Italy is so called from Marsyas
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Memnon: 12.7.30.
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"Memnonides
are Egyptian birds named after the place where Memnon perished. They are said to fly in flocks
from Egypt to Troy near the tomb of Memnon."
So Pausanias describing a picture: "... and on the
cloak of Memnon are embroidered birds. Their name is Memnonides, and the people of the Hellespont say that on stated days every year they go to the grave of Memnon, and sweep all that part of the tomb that is bare of trees or grass, and sprinkle it with the water of the Aesepus from their wet wings." (10.31.6.)
Quintus Smyrnaeus narrates how the Ethiopian soldiers who
Memnon had led during the
Trojan War were changed into
birds by Eos when she saw them
lamenting Memnon's death (2.640).
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Myrtilus: 13.16.8.
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"Now the Myrtoan sea is named from
the drowning of Myrtilus, because at this spot he was thrown
in by Oenomaus."
The usual account is that Myrtilus was thrown into
the sea by Pelops 1. Myrtilus,
charioteer of Oenomaus 1,
caused his master's death by sabotaging the chariot, in
order to favor Pelops 1, who
thus got a stolen victory. It is told that later Myrtilus
attempted to rape Pelops 1's bride and was then killed for that reason (Apd.Ep.2.6-8, Pau.8.14.10, Nonn.20.160,
Hyg.Fab.84, 224).
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Sardus: 14.6.39.
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"Sardus, son of Hercules, occupied
Sardinia after he came from Libya with a great host, and
named the island after himself."
Pausanias mentions the Libyan Sardus as the first who sailed to Sardinia (10.16.5). According to him, Sardus' father was Maceris, celebrated for his journey to Delphi (Pau.10.13.8, 10.17.2).
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The Dice: 18.60.
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"Dicing ... was invented by the
Greeks during lulls of the Trojan War by a certain soldier named Alea ..."
Pausanias credits
Palamedes for this invention (2.20.3, 31.1.1).
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Death of Hercules: 9.2.12.
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"After Hercules perished in Spain
..."
Heracles 1 (Hercules) is generally believed to have died in Trachinian territory (between Thessaly and Aetolia). He himself constructed a pyre on Mount Oeta and gave orders to kindle it (Apd.2.7.7ff.; Soph.Tra.749ff.; QS.5.645).
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